Targeted shutdowns can be more difficult to detect and verify, particularly in remote regions and areas that are isolated from the outside world, such as conflict zones that may not be accessible to journalists and human rights defenders due to safety reasons or government-imposed restrictions. Shutdowns can be imposed nationwide or they can be targeted to a specific neighborhood, village, region, or province. One of the tactics commonly used by governments is downgrading mobile internet speeds from 4G and 3G levels to 2G. An internet shutdown can also take the form of throttling, when internet speeds are intentionally slowed down for the purpose of making it harder - or even impossible - for people to upload, download, or access information. In contrast, partial shutdowns target specific types of networks (for example, mobile networks) or services such as social media and messaging apps. During blanket shutdowns, or total internet blackouts, access to the internet or all telecommunication services is completely cut, usually by a government actor. There are different types of shutdowns (see Glossary for definitions). An internet shutdown is an intentional disruption of internet or electronic communications, rendering them inaccessible or effectively unusable, for a specific population or within a location, often to exert control over the flow of information.
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